Leveraging microservice containers to provide tenant isolation in a multi-tenant api gateway

ABSTRACT

A system can host APIs for a plurality of different tenants and receive requests from many different client devices. As requests are received, an associated tenant can be identified, and a router can determine if a container instance is available to service the request. A container instance may be an empty container instance including an internal endpoint, a Web server, and a runtime environment. An empty container instance can be unassociated with a particular tenant. To associate a container instance with a tenant, a data store, such as a key-value data store can retrieve configuration files that turn the agnostic container instance into a container instance that is associated with particular tenant and includes configuration code to perform the requisite API functions. The pool of empty and populated containers can be managed efficiently.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/916,873 entitled “LEVERAGING MICROSERVICE CONTAINERS TO PROVIDETENANT ISOLATION IN A MULTI-TENANT API GATEWAY” filed on Jun. 30, 2020,which is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/916,873 is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/146,210 entitled “LEVERAGING MICROSERVICE CONTAINERS TO PROVIDETENANT ISOLATION IN A MULTI-TENANT API GATEWAY” filed on Sep. 28, 2018(now U.S. Pat. No. 10,740,112 issued Aug. 11, 2020), which isincorporated herein by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/146,210 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/566,422 filed on Sep. 30, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/566,431 filed on Sep. 30, 2017; and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/566,435 filed on Sep. 30, 2017, each of which areincorporated herein by reference, including any appendices.

BACKGROUND

An application programming interface (API) gateway is a fully managedservice that allows developers to create, publish, maintain, monitor,and secure APIs for public consumption. Tenants can define APIs andpublish them to these public API gateways, such as cloud platforms, thatcan then be made available to client devices. In large-scale APIgateways, the environment may include a multi-tenant environment where aplurality of different tenants host APIs that are made available throughthe same hosted service.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a method of isolating tenants using containers toservice requests in a multi-tenant environment may include receiving afirst request for a first service provided by a first tenant; selectingan empty container in the multi-tenant environment; loading a firstconfiguration that implements the first service into the container;servicing the first request from the container; receiving a secondrequest for a second service provided by a second tenant; flushing thefirst configuration from the container; and servicing the second requestfrom the container.

In some embodiments, a non-transitory, computer-readable mediumcomprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors,causes the one or more processors to perform operations includingreceiving a first request for a first service provided by a firsttenant; selecting an empty container in the multi-tenant environment;loading a first configuration that implements the first service into thecontainer; servicing the first request from the container; receiving asecond request for a second service provided by a second tenant;flushing the first configuration from the container; and servicing thesecond request from the container.

In some embodiments, a system may include one or more processors and oneor more memory devices including instructions that, when executed by theone or more processors, cause the one or more processors to performoperations including receiving a first request for a first serviceprovided by a first tenant; selecting an empty container in themulti-tenant environment; loading a first configuration that implementsthe first service into the container; servicing the first request fromthe container; receiving a second request for a second service providedby a second tenant; flushing the first configuration from the container;and servicing the second request from the container.

In any embodiments, any or all of the following features may be includedin any combination and without limitation. The container may be one of aplurality of containers in the multi-tenant environment that areinstantiated to service requests from client devices. The firstconfiguration may include a size of a heap in memory that can be used bythe first service. After flushing the first configuration from thecontainer, the container may include a runtime process with an embeddedserver and an internal endpoint. The internal endpoint may be called bya router in the multi-tenant environment to service the second request.The first configuration may include a plurality of actions that arechained together to service requests. The multi-tenant environment mayprevent the container from simultaneously servicing requests associatedwith different tenants. The multi-tenant environment may allow thecontainer to simultaneously service requests associated with a singletenant. The method/operations may also include receiving a third requestfor the second service provided by the second tenant, and servicing thethird request from the container without flushing the secondconfiguration from the container. The first service may include a publicAPI that is made available through the multi-tenant environment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of thespecification and the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are usedthroughout the several drawings to refer to similar components. In someinstances, a sub-label is associated with a reference numeral to denoteone of multiple similar components. When reference is made to areference numeral without specification to an existing sub-label, it isintended to refer to all such multiple similar components.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a system for handlingrequests in a multi-tenant environment, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of container instances 108 being preparedto service requests for tenants, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of how an empty container instancecan be populated with files from the data store, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates how the populated container can service the request,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a container beingplaced back into the pool of available containers, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 6A illustrates a state diagram of the lifecycle of a container inthe multi-tenant environment, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6B illustrates an alternative state diagram of the lifecycle of acontainer in the multi-tenant environment, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method of isolating tenants usingcontainers to service requests in a multi-tenant environment.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method of managing runtime statesand service configurations for containers in a multi-tenant environment,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method of efficiently allocating apool of containers for servicing requests in a multi-tenant environment,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a distributed systemfor implementing some of the embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a simplified block diagram of components of a systemenvironment by which services provided by the components of anembodiment system may be offered as cloud services.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary computer system, in which variousembodiments may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein, are embodiments for managing an API Gateway. A cloudsystem can host APIs for a plurality of different tenants and receiverequests from many different client devices. As requests are received,an associated tenant can be identified, and a router can determine if acontainer instance is available to service the request. A containerinstance may be an empty container instance including an internalendpoint, a Web server, and a runtime environment. An empty containerinstance can be unassociated with a particular tenant. To associate acontainer instance with a tenant, a data store, such as a key-value datastore can retrieve configuration files that turn the agnostic containerinstance into a container instance that is associated with particulartenant and includes configuration code to perform the requisite APIfunctions. When the API in the container finishes servicing the request(or multiple requests for a single tenant), runtime state informationcan be saved back to the data store, and the contents of the containerinstance can be flushed. This guarantees isolation between tenant datain a multi-tenant environment while still allowing container reuse andefficient management of pooled resources. The data store can maintain aservice registry to enable the routers in the system to allocate newcontainer instances when needed and deallocate container instances whenthey are not being used. The data store can also store runtime stateinformation, configurations, and applications for tenant APIs that canbe distributed to any container in an on-demand basis.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a system for handlingrequests in a multi-tenant environment, according to some embodiments.Throughout this disclosure, an example of an API gateway may be used.However, the embodiments described herein are not so limited. Instead,the functions described for handling requests for the API gateway can beimplemented in any system that has an interface for receiving requests.

A plurality of client devices 102 (e.g., smart phones, laptops, tabletcomputers, workstations, servers, etc.) can send requests to a publicinterface 104, which may include a Load Balancer as a Service (LBaaS)interface. These requests may be associated with a specific tenant ofthe multi-tenant environment, and may reference a specific serviceprovided by the tenant, such as an API function. For example, a requestreceived from one of the client devices 102 may include information suchas “Tenant:ACME, API:ProcessInvoice.” The public interface 104 canfunnel the request to one or more routers 106.

The routers 106 can communicate with a data store 112 both periodicallyand in real-time to determine one or more containers that are assignedto the tenant and able to process particular requests. In the example ofFIG. 1, a request for Tenant 2 would have three different containerinstances from which the routers 106 can choose. Within the set ofcontainer instances that are assigned to Tenant 2, the routers 106 canselect one or more container instances that are loaded withconfigurations and/or applications that service the request. Forexample, the routers 106 can select one of the three container instancesassigned to “Tenant:ACME” that is loaded with a configuration forhandling “API:ProcessInvoice.” If no instances are already loaded withthis configuration, the routers 106 can select an existing emptycontainer or instantiate a new empty container. The routers 106 can thencause the data store 112 to transfer a configuration specific to“API:ProcessInvoice” into the existing/new empty container to create acontainerized service that can handle the specific request for“Tenant:ACME.”

Once the containerized service handles the request and (if necessary)returns a response to the client device, the containerized service canbe either reused to service additional requests for that specifictenant/service combination, or the container can be flushed of itscontents can be made available to other tenants. When a container isflushed and reassigned to a different tenant, runtime information thatneeds to be saved in the container can be sent back to the data store112. This ensures that the next time that specific application or API isinstantiated in an empty container, the runtime information can betransferred and used by the new container to continue execution where itleft off.

A registration service 114 can be used to enroll new tenants into themulti-tenant environment. New tenants can use an interface of theregistration service 114 to generate a new tenant entry in the datastore 112 and to define parameters for their usage of the multi-tenantenvironment. These parameters may include maximum, minimum, average, andexpected numbers of container instances that are available to thatparticular tenant. Additionally, new tenants can select numbers andtypes of routers to service the request, different configurationservices that may be available, different configurations of runtimecontainer pools, and other aspects of the registration process.

A configuration service 110 may provide Web-based user interfaces thatallow tenants to define configurations and select applications that canbe made available through the public interface. For example, someembodiments may provide a series of web forms and drop-down boxes thatallow tenants to select from a plurality of different microservices,applications, functions, and so forth, to build an API. Some embodimentsmay also allow tenants to select applications that can be run, such asapplications to limit a number of times an API can be called within apredetermined time limit. After configurations and applications areselected/defined through the configuration service 110, these can bestored in the data center 112 for placement into empty containers in thesystem.

Note that a given gateway can cater to more than one tenantconcurrently. In some embodiments, multiple gateways can exist which arecompletely isolated and running on different availability domains ordata centers. For example, there may be a gateway for Chicago and agateway for Phoenix. However, both of these gateways may still serve thesame tenant. The end-user may still deploy APIs to one or anycombination of the multiple gateways using unique gateway IDs. In someembodiments, each gateway may have its own unique key-value data storefor storing configurations, applications, and so forth.

The following figures walk through one example of how a request can beprocessed by the system. These examples are not meant to be limiting.FIG. 2 illustrates a diagram of container instances 108 being preparedto service requests for tenants, according to some embodiments. At thisstage, the router 106 has received a request to be serviced. First, therouter 106 can work in conjunction with the data store 112 to determinewhether an available container instance is operating and available toservice the request. The data store 112 can include a service registry214 that catalogs each of the available instances in the system. Theservice registry 214 can also track which APIs and tenants are assignedto each instantiated container. When new containers are instantiated orexisting containers are removed, the service registry 214 can be updatedin real-time by the data store 112. The router 106 can keep a local copyat least a portion of the service registry 214. The data store 112 canintermittently update the router 106 with a list of changes to theservice registry 214. In some embodiments, the data store 112 can updatethe router 106 with a list of available container instances that canreceive requests. In some embodiments, only changes or portions of theservice registry 214 are transmitted to the router 106 because the totallist of instances in the system may be very large.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, some embodiments may include a plurality ofrouters 106. One of the routers 106-2 can be designated as a masterrouter. The master router 106-2 can be designated as the only one of therouters 106 that is allowed to instantiate new container instances whenneeded. Therefore, if the router 106 in FIG. 2 is designated as themaster router, it can freely instantiate a new container instance ifneeded to service a request for a particular tenant. The master router106-2 can analyze the settings provided by the tenant duringregistration to ensure that the number of container instances assignedto the tenant in the pool is within the minimum/maximum numbers for thatparticular tenant. If one of the routers 106 is handling a request thatrequires a new container to be instantiated, the router 106-1 canforward the request to the master router 106-2, and the master router106-2 can determine whether or not to instantiate a new container. Byonly allowing the master container 106-2 to instantiate new containers,this helps to guarantee that the size of the container pool is managedefficiently. For example, if six different routers all receivedsimultaneous requests for a particular service for particular tenant,each of these routers could independently decide to instantiate newcontainers when a single instantiated container would suffice. Funnelingeach of these requests to the master router 106-2 ensures that only theminimum number of new containers is instantiated.

Conversely, if the router 106 and/or the data store 112 determine that atenant is assigned a number of container instances that are not beingused, or that a number of unassigned containers are available in thecontainer pool, a determination can be made that one or more of theseunused containers can be eliminated from the system, thereby freeingmemory and processing power for existing containers to operate. Thisprovides for a dynamic pool of container instances that can servicerequests. This pool can dynamically grow/shrink based on how heavy thereceived request traffic is at any given time. As will be describedbelow, flushing container contents allows containers to be reusedbetween different tenants while still ensuring that tenants are isolatedfrom each other.

One technical advantage achieved by these embodiments is the efficientmanagement of the size of the container pool. A runtime pool may be acollection of runtime instances that all share common properties.Runtime instances in the pool of containers may be sequentially numberedstarting with index 0 such that a given runtime instance is uniquelyidentified by a pair of values: {pool name, instance index}. Poolmanagement may depend on the particular container environment used byeach embodiment. For example, a Java class may be used to implement poolfunctionality using a Docker daemon REST API to create/start/stopruntime containers as needed. This class may allow the environment toset a name for the pool, numbers for the port(s), numbers for the debugports, timeout values for container state transitions (described indetail below), and so forth. Some embodiments may also allow this classto specify a “minSize” value representing a number of running containerinstances that are not bound to any tenants that will be available forservicing requests. Additionally, a “maxSize” value may specify amaximum number of runtime container instances in the container pool.

Once a service is assigned to a container in the gateway, the servicemay perform a periodic “heartbeat” as an indication to other servicesthat it is alive and functioning properly. For example, when a serviceis loaded into a container, it may perform a heartbeat to let therouter(s) know that it is available to service requests. Performing aheartbeat may include updating a corresponding entry in the serviceregistry of the data store 112. These heartbeat transmissions can beused to determine the lifecycle of a container in the gateway. Forexample, some embodiments may use a time-to-live (TTL) interval afterwhich a service may be considered inactive. Alternatively, someembodiments may specify a number of heartbeats that are allowed to beskipped/missed before the service is considered inactive. Heartbeats mayoccur regularly, such as every 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 60seconds, and so forth.

In the example of FIG. 2, the router 106 can identify an empty container108-3 that is not currently assigned to a particular tenant, or isassigned to the tenant of the request but not populated with aconfiguration to run the specific API of the request. Note thatcontainer 108-1 and container 108-2 are populated with configurationsand assigned to specific tenants. Because they operate in separatecontainers from container 108-3, the data and operations of these threecontainers may be strictly isolated from each other.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of how an empty container instancecan be populated with files from the data store 112, according to someembodiments. Continuing with the example of FIG. 2, the empty container108-3 can be assigned to handle the request 304 for the particulartenant. First, the container 108-3 can be assigned to that tenant suchthat no other tenant's requests can be serviced through the container108-3. Next, the tenant and API information from the request 304 can beused to look up configuration, application, and runtime information inthe data store 112. In some embodiments, the data store 112 may be akey-value data store. Some embodiments may also allow the data store 112to be distributed onto different systems in the multi-tenant environmentor across different platforms. For example, the tenant and/or API fromthe request 304 can be used as a key to look up a value in the datastore 112 that returns the configuration 202, an application 204, and/orany runtime state information.

In some embodiments, the key-value data store 112 may be used to persisttenant-specific configurations to disk. Additionally, the key-value datastore can provide the central service registry 214 such that all runningmicro services “register” themselves so that other services can locateand invoke them. For example, a distributed key-value data store such asetcd® may be used to store state information such as: configurationsfetched from a management service (e.g., policies, APIs, applications,plan metadata, etc.); runtime container states in the service registry214; container pool configurations (e.g., minimums, maximums,strategies, timeout intervals, etc.); tenant registration statuses(e.g., tenant, tenant-pool binding, etc.); rate-limiting configurations,real-time states, and so forth.

The configuration 202 may include a pipeline of actions 206 that havebeen defined in the configuration service 110 of FIG. 1. These actions206 may be chained together to form an API or other service to processdata. Each of the actions 206 may include things such as receiving arequest, parsing the payload in the request, processing data in thepayload, changing data in the payload, calling another service toacquire information, writing information to a file or database, and/orgenerating a response. In some embodiments, the configuration 202 canhandle multiple requests at the same time. Thus, a single containerpopulated with the configuration 202 can handle a plurality of requestsfor that specific API and that specific tenant. Generally,configurations are stateless (e.g., RESTful), and are very efficient atprocessing information and generating responses quickly.

In addition to returning a configuration 202, the data store 112 canreturn one or more applications 204 that may also run in the containeralongside the API configuration 202. For example, the application 204may be a bandwidth limiting application that limits the number of timesa particular API can be called within a predetermined time interval(e.g., only 100 requests can be serviced every hour). In contrast to theconfiguration 202, the application 204 may require runtime stateinformation to be saved between executions of the application. In FIG.3, the application 204 may not have run in the past, so it is possiblethat no state runtime information is saved for the application 204 inthe data store 112. The container 108-3 may now represent a microservicethat is assigned to a single tenant for the purpose of processing aparticular API request. Once the container 108-3 is bound to a tenant,the instance can load all of the new configuration information, such asAPI definitions, applications, plans, subscriptions, in an on-demandfashion from the data store 112.

The empty container can be a software container such as a Docker®container, and the multi-tenant environment can include an orchestratedcontainer platform, such as Kubernetes®. Instantiating a new emptycontainer may include generating an empty container from a containerimage and populating it with a minimal number of software processes thatwill be common to any configuration used in the system. For example,some embodiments may designate an empty container as a Docker® containerthat includes a runtime environment 212 such as a Java RuntimeEnvironment® (JRE), a web server 210 such as an HTTP server, and aninternal endpoint 208. The internal endpoint 208 can be exposed to therouters 106 and can be used by the routers 106 to send a request to thecontainer 108-3. In some embodiments, other container environments maybe used other than Docker® containers. For example, some embodiments mayuse UNIX processes to start/stop runtime containers.

When the empty container is populated, the data store 112 can transferthe configuration 202 and the application 204 to the container 108-3. Ifruntime state data 302 was available in the data store 112, it wouldalso be transferred to the container 108-3 in this case, runtime statedata 302 is generated by the application as it runs and is stored in thecontainer 108-3. For example, the application 204 may record the numberof requests received within a given time interval. This information canbe saved in the runtime state 302 and transferred back to the data store112 when this container 108-3 is flushed. Generally, transferring aconfiguration 202, application 204, and/or runtime state 302 to an emptybut instantiated container 108-3 is a relatively lightweight processthat can be done very quickly and efficiently to handle requests withoutappreciable delay.

FIG. 4 illustrates how the populated container 108-3 can service therequest, according to some embodiments. The container 108-3 can serviceany requests for this tenant for the API defined by the configuration202. In some cases, this may include only processing the single requestthat caused the configuration 202 to be transferred to the container108-3. In other cases, this may include processing a plurality ofsimilar requests sent to the routers 106 for the same tenant. After allthe requests have been processed and the responses (if any) have beensent back to the requesting client devices, the container 108-3 canbecome idle, or passive. While the container 108-3 is still assigned orbound to the specific tenant, it is not currently being used to processany requests. After predetermined time interval, the container 108-3 canbe unassigned from that particular tenant and placed back into the poolof available containers 108-3 awaiting assignment to a new tenant withnew configurations.

Before the container 108-3 is flushed and reassigned to a differenttenant, any runtime state information 302 that was generated or updatedby the application 204 running on the container 108-3 can be saved inthe data store 112. The runtime state information 302 can then betransmitted to a different container when the configuration 202 and/orapplication 204 is reassigned to a new container to service futurerequests.

FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a container 108-3 beingplaced back into the pool of available containers, according to someembodiments. After the runtime state information 302 is transferred backto the data store 112, the container 108-3 can be flushed of theconfiguration 202, the application 204, and/or the runtime state 302.The empty container 108-3 can now be reassigned by the router 106 to adifferent tenant to service a different API call. Although onlycontainer 108-3 is shown to be empty in FIG. 5, actual deployments maytypically include a plurality of empty containers. The router 106 canuse different strategies to assign requests to one of the plurality ofavailable empty containers, such as a round-robin strategy. As describedabove, if the container 108-3 is not assigned to a new tenant/API withina predetermined time interval, the container 108-3 can be removed fromthe multi-tenant environment to preserve memory and/or computingresources.

As described above, the data store 112 facilitates these operations bydistributing configurations, applications, and runtime states to variouscontainers operating in the multi-tenant environment. The data store 112may also receive configuration information from tenants at initialregistration and even at runtime. The data store 112 also maintains theservice registry 214 that monitors the state of the container pool atany time. The data store 112 uses this service registry 214 tocommunicate with the routers 106 to determine when the pool of availablecontainers should grow and/or shrink.

FIG. 6A illustrates a state diagram of the lifecycle of a container inthe multi-tenant environment, according to some embodiments. At aninitial state 602, the container does not exist. At state 604, thecontainer has been instantiated with the set of processes describedabove (e.g., web server, endpoint, etc.), but the container is unboundor unassigned to a particular tenant and empty. When servicing arequest, the container can enter state 606 where it is bound or assignedto a particular tenant and populated with a configuration, application,and/or runtime state information. State 606 is referred to as activebecause the container may be actively servicing requests received fromthe routers 106. In state 608, the container may still be bound orassigned to the particular tenant, but is passive, in that it is notactively processing any requests with its internally storedconfiguration. After sitting idle for a predetermined time interval, thecontainer can be unassigned or unbound in state 610. When a container isno longer bound to a particular tenant, the internal configuration,application, and/or runtime state can be flushed. In some embodiments,an unbound container does not need to flush its internal contents untilit is reassigned to a new tenant. If the container is not assigned to anew tenant, then the container can be removed in state 612.

FIG. 6B illustrates another view of the state diagram from FIG. 6Aillustrating the lifecycle of a container in a multi-tenant environment,according to some embodiments. At the initial state 602, the containerdoes not yet exist or has been deleted from the container environment.When a container instance has been created it may be unbound in state604. If the container is idle for a predetermined time interval,referred to as an “unbound timeout,” then the container can be deletedfrom the environment and move back to state 602. Alternatively, thecontainer can be assigned to a tenant and loaded with a configuration,application, state information, etc., in state 606. From the bound andactive state 606, the container can be removed from the environment ifthe router shrinks the size of the pool of containers and thustransition back to state 602. The container can also be released fromthe tenant, have its tenant-specific contents flushed, and be returnedto the unbound pool of containers in state 604. Furthermore, a bound andactive container in state 606 can become passive in state 608 if itremains idle without servicing any client requests for a predeterminedtime interval referred to as an “idle tenant timeout.” From the boundand passive state 608, a “passive timeout” interval can expire and causethe container to transition from the bound and passive container state608 to the unbound pool of containers in state 604. This containerlifecycle can transition between states as long as the container exists.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method of isolating tenants usingcontainers to service requests in a multi-tenant environment. The methodmay include receiving a first request for a first service provided by afirst tenant (702). The method may also include selecting an emptycontainer in the multi-tenant environment (704). The method mayadditionally include loading a first configuration that implements thefirst service into the container (706). The method may further includeservicing the first request from the container (708). The method mayalso include receiving a second request for a second service provided bya second tenant (710). The method may additionally include flushing thefirst configuration from the container (712). The method may furtherinclude servicing the second request from the container (714). Someembodiments may include a system that includes one or more processorsand one or more memories that perform these method steps. Otherembodiments may include non-transitory, computer readable mediums thatstore instructions that cause one or more processors to execute thesemethod steps.

In any embodiments, one or more of the following features may beincluded in any combination and without limitation. The container may beone of a plurality of containers in the multi-tenant environment thatare instantiated to service requests from client devices. After flushingthe first configuration from the container, the container may include aruntime process with an embedded server and an internal endpoint. Theinternal endpoint may be called by a router in the multi-tenantenvironment to service the second request. The first configuration mayinclude a plurality of actions that are chained together to servicerequests. The multi-tenant environment may prevent the container fromsimultaneously servicing requests associated with different tenants. Themulti-tenant environment may allow the container to simultaneouslyservice requests associated with a single tenant. The method may alsoinclude receiving a third request for the second service provided by thesecond tenant, and servicing the third request from the containerwithout flushing the second configuration from the container. The firstservice may include a public API that is made available through themulti-tenant environment.

It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 7provide particular methods of isolating tenants using containers toservice requests in a multi-tenant environment according to variousembodiments of the present invention. Other sequences of steps may alsobe performed according to alternative embodiments. For example,alternative embodiments of the present invention may perform the stepsoutlined above in a different order. Moreover, the individual stepsillustrated in FIG. 7 may include multiple sub-steps that may beperformed in various sequences as appropriate to the individual step.Furthermore, additional steps may be added or removed depending on theparticular applications. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldrecognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method of managing runtime statesand service configurations for containers in a multi-tenant environment,according to some embodiments. The method may include receiving anindication that a request has been received for a service provided inthe multi-tenant environment (802). The method may additionally includeidentifying a configuration that implements the service, wherein theconfiguration is stored in a data store (804). The method may alsoinclude sending the configuration to a container in the multi-tenantenvironment to service the request (806). The method may further includereceiving a runtime state from the container (808). The method may alsoinclude storing the runtime state in the data store, where theconfiguration is flushed from the container (810). Some embodiments mayinclude a system that includes one or more processors and one or morememories that perform these method steps. Other embodiments may includenon-transitory, computer readable mediums that store instructions thatcause one or more processors to execute these method steps.

In any embodiments, one or more of the following features may beincluded in any combination and without limitation. The configurationmay be provided by a tenant of the multi-tenant environment prior toruntime. The data store may include a key-value data store. Thekey-value data store may include a distributed key-value data store. Anidentity of a tenant associated with the service may be a key in thekey-value data store, and the configuration and runtime state may be avalue in the key-value data store. The data store may also store aregistry of containers that are available in the multi-tenantenvironment. The data store may update one or more routers in themulti-tenant environment when new containers become available in themulti-tenant environment based on the registry of containers.

It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 8provide particular methods of managing runtime states and serviceconfigurations for containers in a multi-tenant environment according tovarious embodiments. Other sequences of steps may also be performedaccording to alternative embodiments. For example, alternativeembodiments of the present invention may perform the steps outlinedabove in a different order. Moreover, the individual steps illustratedin FIG. 8 may include multiple sub-steps that may be performed invarious sequences as appropriate to the individual step. Furthermore,additional steps may be added or removed depending on the particularapplications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, modifications, and alternatives.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method of efficiently allocating apool of containers for servicing requests in a multi-tenant environment,according to some embodiments. The method may include assigning aplurality of containers to a first tenant in the multi-tenantenvironment (902). The method may also include identifying one or morecontainers in the plurality of containers that are assigned to the firsttenant but that are not being used by the first tenant (904). The methodmay additionally include flushing the contents of the one or morecontainers (906). The method may further include reassigning the one ormore containers to a second tenant in the multi-tenant environment(908). Some embodiments may include a system that includes one or moreprocessors and one or more memories that perform these method steps.Other embodiments may include non-transitory, computer readable mediumsthat store instructions that cause one or more processors to executethese method steps.

In any embodiments, one or more of the following features may beincluded in any combination and without limitation. After flushing thecontents of the one or more containers, the one or more containers neednot be assigned to any tenant for a first time interval before beingreassigned to the second tenant. The method may also include identifyingsecond one or more containers in the plurality of containers that areassigned to the first tenant but that are not being used by the firsttenant; determining that no other tenants need the second one or morecontainers; and removing the second one or more containers from themulti-tenant environment. The method may additionally includedetermining that the first tenant is receiving more requests than can beserviced by the plurality of containers. The method may further includeinstantiating a new plurality of containers; and assigning the newplurality of containers to the first tenant. The method may also includeassigning containers that were previously assigned to another tenant tothe first tenant. A gateway of the multi-tenant environment may reassignthe one or more containers to the second tenant in the multi-tenantenvironment.

It should be appreciated that the specific steps illustrated in FIG. 9provide particular methods of efficiently allocating a pool ofcontainers for servicing requests in a multi-tenant environmentaccording to various embodiments. Other sequences of steps may also beperformed according to alternative embodiments. For example, alternativeembodiments of the present invention may perform the steps outlinedabove in a different order. Moreover, the individual steps illustratedin FIG. 9 may include multiple sub-steps that may be performed invarious sequences as appropriate to the individual step. Furthermore,additional steps may be added or removed depending on the particularapplications. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize manyvariations, modifications, and alternatives.

Each of the methods described herein may be implemented by a computersystem. Each step of these methods may be executed automatically by thecomputer system, and/or may be provided with inputs/outputs involving auser. For example, a user may provide inputs for each step in a method,and each of these inputs may be in response to a specific outputrequesting such an input, wherein the output is generated by thecomputer system. Each input may be received in response to acorresponding requesting output. Furthermore, inputs may be receivedfrom a user, from another computer system as a data stream, retrievedfrom a memory location, retrieved over a network, requested from a webservice, and/or the like. Likewise, outputs may be provided to a user,to another computer system as a data stream, saved in a memory location,sent over a network, provided to a web service, and/or the like. Inshort, each step of the methods described herein may be performed by acomputer system, and may involve any number of inputs, outputs, and/orrequests to and from the computer system which may or may not involve auser. Those steps not involving a user may be said to be performedautomatically by the computer system without human intervention.Therefore, it will be understood in light of this disclosure, that eachstep of each method described herein may be altered to include an inputand output to and from a user, or may be done automatically by acomputer system without human intervention where any determinations aremade by a processor. Furthermore, some embodiments of each of themethods described herein may be implemented as a set of instructionsstored on a tangible, non-transitory storage medium to form a tangiblesoftware product.

FIG. 10 depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system 1000 forimplementing one of the embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment,distributed system 1000 includes one or more client computing devices1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008, which are configured to execute and operatea client application such as a web browser, proprietary client (e.g.,Oracle Forms), or the like over one or more network(s) 1010. Server 1012may be communicatively coupled with remote client computing devices1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008 via network 1010.

In various embodiments, server 1012 may be adapted to run one or moreservices or software applications provided by one or more of thecomponents of the system. In some embodiments, these services may beoffered as web-based or cloud services or under a Software as a Service(SaaS) model to the users of client computing devices 1002, 1004, 1006,and/or 1008. Users operating client computing devices 1002, 1004, 1006,and/or 1008 may in turn utilize one or more client applications tointeract with server 1012 to utilize the services provided by thesecomponents.

In the configuration depicted in the figure, the software components1018, 1020 and 1022 of system 1000 are shown as being implemented onserver 1012. In other embodiments, one or more of the components ofsystem 1000 and/or the services provided by these components may also beimplemented by one or more of the client computing devices 1002, 1004,1006, and/or 1008. Users operating the client computing devices may thenutilize one or more client applications to use the services provided bythese components. These components may be implemented in hardware,firmware, software, or combinations thereof. It should be appreciatedthat various different system configurations are possible, which may bedifferent from distributed system 1000. The embodiment shown in thefigure is thus one example of a distributed system for implementing anembodiment system and is not intended to be limiting.

Client computing devices 1002, 1004, 1006, and/or 1008 may be portablehandheld devices (e.g., an iPhone®, cellular telephone, an iPad®,computing tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA)) or wearabledevices (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), running softwaresuch as Microsoft Windows Mobile®, and/or a variety of mobile operatingsystems such as iOS, Windows Phone, Android, BlackBerry 10, Palm OS, andthe like, and being Internet, e-mail, short message service (SMS),Blackberry®, or other communication protocol enabled. The clientcomputing devices can be general purpose personal computers including,by way of example, personal computers and/or laptop computers runningvarious versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linuxoperating systems. The client computing devices can be workstationcomputers running any of a variety of commercially-available UNIX® orUNIX-like operating systems, including without limitation the variety ofGNU/Linux operating systems, such as for example, Google Chrome OS.Alternatively, or in addition, client computing devices 1002, 1004,1006, and 1008 may be any other electronic device, such as a thin-clientcomputer, an Internet-enabled gaming system (e.g., a Microsoft Xboxgaming console with or without a Kinect® gesture input device), and/or apersonal messaging device, capable of communicating over network(s)1010.

Although exemplary distributed system 1000 is shown with four clientcomputing devices, any number of client computing devices may besupported. Other devices, such as devices with sensors, etc., mayinteract with server 1012.

Network(s) 1010 in distributed system 1000 may be any type of networkfamiliar to those skilled in the art that can support datacommunications using any of a variety of commercially-availableprotocols, including without limitation TCP/IP (transmission controlprotocol/Internet protocol), SNA (systems network architecture), IPX(Internet packet exchange), AppleTalk, and the like. Merely by way ofexample, network(s) 1010 can be a local area network (LAN), such as onebased on Ethernet, Token-Ring and/or the like. Network(s) 1010 can be awide-area network and the Internet. It can include a virtual network,including without limitation a virtual private network (VPN), anintranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), aninfra-red network, a wireless network (e.g., a network operating underany of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE) 802.11 suiteof protocols, Bluetooth®, and/or any other wireless protocol); and/orany combination of these and/or other networks.

Server 1012 may be composed of one or more general purpose computers,specialized server computers (including, by way of example, PC (personalcomputer) servers, UNIX® servers, mid-range servers, mainframecomputers, rack-mounted servers, etc.), server farms, server clusters,or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. In variousembodiments, server 1012 may be adapted to run one or more services orsoftware applications described in the foregoing disclosure. Forexample, server 1012 may correspond to a server for performingprocessing described above according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

Server 1012 may run an operating system including any of those discussedabove, as well as any commercially available server operating system.Server 1012 may also run any of a variety of additional serverapplications and/or mid-tier applications, including HTTP (hypertexttransport protocol) servers, FTP (file transfer protocol) servers, CGI(common gateway interface) servers, JAVA® servers, database servers, andthe like. Exemplary database servers include without limitation thosecommercially available from Oracle, Microsoft, Sybase, IBM(International Business Machines), and the like.

In some implementations, server 1012 may include one or moreapplications to analyze and consolidate data feeds and/or event updatesreceived from users of client computing devices 1002, 1004, 1006, and1008. As an example, data feeds and/or event updates may include, butare not limited to, Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates or real-timeupdates received from one or more third party information sources andcontinuous data streams, which may include real-time events related tosensor data applications, financial tickers, network performancemeasuring tools (e.g., network monitoring and traffic managementapplications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile trafficmonitoring, and the like. Server 1012 may also include one or moreapplications to display the data feeds and/or real-time events via oneor more display devices of client computing devices 1002, 1004, 1006,and 1008.

Distributed system 1000 may also include one or more databases 1014 and1016. Databases 1014 and 1016 may reside in a variety of locations. Byway of example, one or more of databases 1014 and 1016 may reside on anon-transitory storage medium local to (and/or resident in) server 1012.Alternatively, databases 1014 and 1016 may be remote from server 1012and in communication with server 1012 via a network-based or dedicatedconnection. In one set of embodiments, databases 1014 and 1016 mayreside in a storage-area network (SAN). Similarly, any necessary filesfor performing the functions attributed to server 1012 may be storedlocally on server 1012 and/or remotely, as appropriate. In one set ofembodiments, databases 1014 and 1016 may include relational databases,such as databases provided by Oracle, that are adapted to store, update,and retrieve data in response to SQL-formatted commands.

FIG. 11 is a simplified block diagram of one or more components of asystem environment 1100 by which services provided by one or morecomponents of an embodiment system may be offered as cloud services, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In theillustrated embodiment, system environment 1100 includes one or moreclient computing devices 1104, 1106, and 1108 that may be used by usersto interact with a cloud infrastructure system 1102 that provides cloudservices. The client computing devices may be configured to operate aclient application such as a web browser, a proprietary clientapplication (e.g., Oracle Forms), or some other application, which maybe used by a user of the client computing device to interact with cloudinfrastructure system 1102 to use services provided by cloudinfrastructure system 1102.

It should be appreciated that cloud infrastructure system 1102 depictedin the figure may have other components than those depicted. Further,the embodiment shown in the figure is only one example of a cloudinfrastructure system that may incorporate an embodiment of theinvention. In some other embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1102may have more or fewer components than shown in the figure, may combinetwo or more components, or may have a different configuration orarrangement of components.

Client computing devices 1104, 1106, and 1108 may be devices similar tothose described above for 1002, 1004, 1006, and 1008.

Although exemplary system environment 1100 is shown with three clientcomputing devices, any number of client computing devices may besupported. Other devices such as devices with sensors, etc. may interactwith cloud infrastructure system 1102.

Network(s) 1110 may facilitate communications and exchange of databetween clients 1104, 1106, and 1108 and cloud infrastructure system1102. Each network may be any type of network familiar to those skilledin the art that can support data communications using any of a varietyof commercially-available protocols, including those described above fornetwork(s) 1010.

Cloud infrastructure system 1102 may comprise one or more computersand/or servers that may include those described above for server 1012.

In certain embodiments, services provided by the cloud infrastructuresystem may include a host of services that are made available to usersof the cloud infrastructure system on demand, such as online datastorage and backup solutions, Web-based e-mail services, hosted officesuites and document collaboration services, database processing, managedtechnical support services, and the like. Services provided by the cloudinfrastructure system can dynamically scale to meet the needs of itsusers. A specific instantiation of a service provided by cloudinfrastructure system is referred to herein as a “service instance.” Ingeneral, any service made available to a user via a communicationnetwork, such as the Internet, from a cloud service provider's system isreferred to as a “cloud service.” Typically, in a public cloudenvironment, servers and systems that make up the cloud serviceprovider's system are different from the customer's own on-premisesservers and systems. For example, a cloud service provider's system mayhost an application, and a user may, via a communication network such asthe Internet, on demand, order and use the application.

In some examples, a service in a computer network cloud infrastructuremay include protected computer network access to storage, a hosteddatabase, a hosted web server, a software application, or other serviceprovided by a cloud vendor to a user, or as otherwise known in the art.For example, a service can include password-protected access to remotestorage on the cloud through the Internet. As another example, a servicecan include a web service-based hosted relational database and ascript-language middleware engine for private use by a networkeddeveloper. As another example, a service can include access to an emailsoftware application hosted on a cloud vendor's web site.

In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1102 may include asuite of applications, middleware, and database service offerings thatare delivered to a customer in a self-service, subscription-based,elastically scalable, reliable, highly available, and secure manner. Anexample of such a cloud infrastructure system is the Oracle Public Cloudprovided by the present assignee.

In various embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1102 may be adaptedto automatically provision, manage and track a customer's subscriptionto services offered by cloud infrastructure system 1102. Cloudinfrastructure system 1102 may provide the cloud services via differentdeployment models. For example, services may be provided under a publiccloud model in which cloud infrastructure system 1102 is owned by anorganization selling cloud services (e.g., owned by Oracle) and theservices are made available to the general public or different industryenterprises. As another example, services may be provided under aprivate cloud model in which cloud infrastructure system 1102 isoperated solely for a single organization and may provide services forone or more entities within the organization. The cloud services mayalso be provided under a community cloud model in which cloudinfrastructure system 1102 and the services provided by cloudinfrastructure system 1102 are shared by several organizations in arelated community. The cloud services may also be provided under ahybrid cloud model, which is a combination of two or more differentmodels.

In some embodiments, the services provided by cloud infrastructuresystem 1102 may include one or more services provided under Software asa Service (SaaS) category, Platform as a Service (PaaS) category,Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) category, or other categories ofservices including hybrid services. A customer, via a subscriptionorder, may order one or more services provided by cloud infrastructuresystem 1102. Cloud infrastructure system 1102 then performs processingto provide the services in the customer's subscription order.

In some embodiments, the services provided by cloud infrastructuresystem 1102 may include, without limitation, application services,platform services and infrastructure services. In some examples,application services may be provided by the cloud infrastructure systemvia a SaaS platform. The SaaS platform may be configured to providecloud services that fall under the SaaS category. For example, the SaaSplatform may provide capabilities to build and deliver a suite ofon-demand applications on an integrated development and deploymentplatform. The SaaS platform may manage and control the underlyingsoftware and infrastructure for providing the SaaS services. Byutilizing the services provided by the SaaS platform, customers canutilize applications executing on the cloud infrastructure system.Customers can acquire the application services without the need forcustomers to purchase separate licenses and support. Various differentSaaS services may be provided. Examples include, without limitation,services that provide solutions for sales performance management,enterprise integration, and business flexibility for largeorganizations.

In some embodiments, platform services may be provided by the cloudinfrastructure system via a PaaS platform. The PaaS platform may beconfigured to provide cloud services that fall under the PaaS category.Examples of platform services may include without limitation servicesthat enable organizations (such as Oracle) to consolidate existingapplications on a shared, common architecture, as well as the ability tobuild new applications that leverage the shared services provided by theplatform. The PaaS platform may manage and control the underlyingsoftware and infrastructure for providing the PaaS services. Customerscan acquire the PaaS services provided by the cloud infrastructuresystem without the need for customers to purchase separate licenses andsupport. Examples of platform services include, without limitation,Oracle Java Cloud Service (JCS), Oracle Database Cloud Service (DBCS),and others.

By utilizing the services provided by the PaaS platform, customers canemploy programming languages and tools supported by the cloudinfrastructure system and also control the deployed services. In someembodiments, platform services provided by the cloud infrastructuresystem may include database cloud services, middleware cloud services(e.g., Oracle Fusion Middleware services), and Java cloud services. Inone embodiment, database cloud services may support shared servicedeployment models that enable organizations to pool database resourcesand offer customers a Database as a Service in the form of a databasecloud. Middleware cloud services may provide a platform for customers todevelop and deploy various business applications, and Java cloudservices may provide a platform for customers to deploy Javaapplications, in the cloud infrastructure system.

Various different infrastructure services may be provided by an IaaSplatform in the cloud infrastructure system. The infrastructure servicesfacilitate the management and control of the underlying computingresources, such as storage, networks, and other fundamental computingresources for customers utilizing services provided by the SaaS platformand the PaaS platform.

In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1102 may alsoinclude infrastructure resources 1130 for providing the resources usedto provide various services to customers of the cloud infrastructuresystem. In one embodiment, infrastructure resources 1130 may includepre-integrated and optimized combinations of hardware, such as servers,storage, and networking resources to execute the services provided bythe PaaS platform and the SaaS platform.

In some embodiments, resources in cloud infrastructure system 1102 maybe shared by multiple users and dynamically re-allocated per demand.Additionally, resources may be allocated to users in different timezones. For example, cloud infrastructure system 1130 may enable a firstset of users in a first time zone to utilize resources of the cloudinfrastructure system for a specified number of hours and then enablethe re-allocation of the same resources to another set of users locatedin a different time zone, thereby maximizing the utilization ofresources.

In certain embodiments, a number of internal shared services 1132 may beprovided that are shared by different components or modules of cloudinfrastructure system 1102 and by the services provided by cloudinfrastructure system 1102. These internal shared services may include,without limitation, a security and identity service, an integrationservice, an enterprise repository service, an enterprise managerservice, a virus scanning and white list service, a high availability,backup and recovery service, service for enabling cloud support, anemail service, a notification service, a file transfer service, and thelike.

In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1102 may providecomprehensive management of cloud services (e.g., SaaS, PaaS, and IaaSservices) in the cloud infrastructure system. In one embodiment, cloudmanagement functionality may include capabilities for provisioning,managing and tracking a customer's subscription received by cloudinfrastructure system 1102, and the like.

In one embodiment, as depicted in the figure, cloud managementfunctionality may be provided by one or more modules, such as an ordermanagement module 1120, an order orchestration module 1122, an orderprovisioning module 1124, an order management and monitoring module1126, and an identity management module 1128. These modules may includeor be provided using one or more computers and/or servers, which may begeneral purpose computers, specialized server computers, server farms,server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/orcombination.

In exemplary operation 1134, a customer using a client device, such asclient device 1104, 1106 or 1108, may interact with cloud infrastructuresystem 1102 by requesting one or more services provided by cloudinfrastructure system 1102 and placing an order for a subscription forone or more services offered by cloud infrastructure system 1102. Incertain embodiments, the customer may access a cloud User Interface(UI), cloud UI 1112, cloud UI 1114 and/or cloud UI 1116 and place asubscription order via these UIs. The order information received bycloud infrastructure system 1102 in response to the customer placing anorder may include information identifying the customer and one or moreservices offered by the cloud infrastructure system 1102 that thecustomer intends to subscribe to.

After an order has been placed by the customer, the order information isreceived via the cloud UIs, 1112, 1114 and/or 1116.

At operation 1136, the order is stored in order database 1118. Orderdatabase 1118 can be one of several databases operated by cloudinfrastructure system 1118 and operated in conjunction with other systemelements.

At operation 1138, the order information is forwarded to an ordermanagement module 1120. In some instances, order management module 1120may be configured to perform billing and accounting functions related tothe order, such as verifying the order, and upon verification, bookingthe order.

At operation 1140, information regarding the order is communicated to anorder orchestration module 1122. Order orchestration module 1122 mayutilize the order information to orchestrate the provisioning ofservices and resources for the order placed by the customer. In someinstances, order orchestration module 1122 may orchestrate theprovisioning of resources to support the subscribed services using theservices of order provisioning module 1124.

In certain embodiments, order orchestration module 1122 enables themanagement of business processes associated with each order and appliesbusiness logic to determine whether an order should proceed toprovisioning. At operation 1142, upon receiving an order for a newsubscription, order orchestration module 1122 sends a request to orderprovisioning module 1124 to allocate resources and configure thoseresources needed to fulfill the subscription order. Order provisioningmodule 1124 enables the allocation of resources for the services orderedby the customer. Order provisioning module 1124 provides a level ofabstraction between the cloud services provided by cloud infrastructuresystem 1100 and the physical implementation layer that is used toprovision the resources for providing the requested services. Orderorchestration module 1122 may thus be isolated from implementationdetails, such as whether or not services and resources are actuallyprovisioned on the fly or pre-provisioned and only allocated/assignedupon request.

At operation 1144, once the services and resources are provisioned, anotification of the provided service may be sent to customers on clientdevices 1104, 1106 and/or 1108 by order provisioning module 1124 ofcloud infrastructure system 1102.

At operation 1146, the customer's subscription order may be managed andtracked by an order management and monitoring module 1126. In someinstances, order management and monitoring module 1126 may be configuredto collect usage statistics for the services in the subscription order,such as the amount of storage used, the amount data transferred, thenumber of users, and the amount of system up time and system down time.

In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system 1100 may include anidentity management module 1128. Identity management module 1128 may beconfigured to provide identity services, such as access management andauthorization services in cloud infrastructure system 1100. In someembodiments, identity management module 1128 may control informationabout customers who wish to utilize the services provided by cloudinfrastructure system 1102. Such information can include informationthat authenticates the identities of such customers and information thatdescribes which actions those customers are authorized to performrelative to various system resources (e.g., files, directories,applications, communication ports, memory segments, etc.) Identitymanagement module 1128 may also include the management of descriptiveinformation about each customer and about how and by whom thatdescriptive information can be accessed and modified.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary computer system 1200, in which variousembodiments of the present invention may be implemented. The system 1200may be used to implement any of the computer systems described above. Asshown in the figure, computer system 1200 includes a processing unit1204 that communicates with a number of peripheral subsystems via a bussubsystem 1202. These peripheral subsystems may include a processingacceleration unit 1206, an I/O subsystem 1208, a storage subsystem 1218and a communications subsystem 1224. Storage subsystem 1218 includestangible computer-readable storage media 1222 and a system memory 1210.

Bus subsystem 1202 provides a mechanism for letting the variouscomponents and subsystems of computer system 1200 communicate with eachother as intended. Although bus subsystem 1202 is shown schematically asa single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilizemultiple buses. Bus subsystem 1202 may be any of several types of busstructures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. Forexample, such architectures may include an Industry StandardArchitecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, EnhancedISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) localbus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which can beimplemented as a Mezzanine bus manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1standard.

Processing unit 1204, which can be implemented as one or more integratedcircuits (e.g., a conventional microprocessor or microcontroller),controls the operation of computer system 1200. One or more processorsmay be included in processing unit 1204. These processors may includesingle core or multicore processors. In certain embodiments, processingunit 1204 may be implemented as one or more independent processing units1232 and/or 1234 with single or multicore processors included in eachprocessing unit. In other embodiments, processing unit 1204 may also beimplemented as a quad-core processing unit formed by integrating twodual-core processors into a single chip.

In various embodiments, processing unit 1204 can execute a variety ofprograms in response to program code and can maintain multipleconcurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some orall of the program code to be executed can be resident in processor(s)1204 and/or in storage subsystem 1218. Through suitable programming,processor(s) 1204 can provide various functionalities described above.Computer system 1200 may additionally include a processing accelerationunit 1206, which can include a digital signal processor (DSP), aspecial-purpose processor, and/or the like.

I/O subsystem 1208 may include user interface input devices and userinterface output devices. User interface input devices may include akeyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad ortouch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel,a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices with voicecommand recognition systems, microphones, and other types of inputdevices. User interface input devices may include, for example, motionsensing and/or gesture recognition devices such as the Microsoft Kinect®motion sensor that enables users to control and interact with an inputdevice, such as the Microsoft Xbox® 360 game controller, through anatural user interface using gestures and spoken commands. Userinterface input devices may also include eye gesture recognition devicessuch as the Google Glass® blink detector that detects eye activity(e.g., ‘blinking’ while taking pictures and/or making a menu selection)from users and transforms the eye gestures as input into an input device(e.g., Google Glass®). Additionally, user interface input devices mayinclude voice recognition sensing devices that enable users to interactwith voice recognition systems (e.g., Siri® navigator), through voicecommands.

User interface input devices may also include, without limitation, threedimensional (3D) mice, joysticks or pointing sticks, gamepads andgraphic tablets, and audio/visual devices such as speakers, digitalcameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, webcams, imagescanners, fingerprint scanners, barcode reader 3D scanners, 3D printers,laser rangefinders, and eye gaze tracking devices. Additionally, userinterface input devices may include, for example, medical imaging inputdevices such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging,position emission tomography, medical ultrasonography devices. Userinterface input devices may also include, for example, audio inputdevices such as MIDI keyboards, digital musical instruments and thelike.

User interface output devices may include a display subsystem, indicatorlights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. Thedisplay subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device,such as that using a liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display, aprojection device, a touch screen, and the like. In general, use of theterm “output device” is intended to include all possible types ofdevices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system1200 to a user or other computer. For example, user interface outputdevices may include, without limitation, a variety of display devicesthat visually convey text, graphics and audio/video information such asmonitors, printers, speakers, headphones, automotive navigation systems,plotters, voice output devices, and modems.

Computer system 1200 may comprise a storage subsystem 1218 thatcomprises software elements, shown as being currently located within asystem memory 1210. System memory 1210 may store program instructionsthat are loadable and executable on processing unit 1204, as well asdata generated during the execution of these programs.

Depending on the configuration and type of computer system 1200, systemmemory 1210 may be volatile (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/ornon-volatile (such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.) TheRAM typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediatelyaccessible to and/or presently being operated and executed by processingunit 1204. In some implementations, system memory 1210 may includemultiple different types of memory, such as static random access memory(SRAM) or dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In some implementations,a basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines thathelp to transfer information between elements within computer system1200, such as during start-up, may typically be stored in the ROM. Byway of example, and not limitation, system memory 1210 also illustratesapplication programs 1212, which may include client applications, Webbrowsers, mid-tier applications, relational database management systems(RDBMS), etc., program data 1214, and an operating system 1216. By wayof example, operating system 1216 may include various versions ofMicrosoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems, avariety of commercially-available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems(including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operatingsystems, the Google Chrome® OS, and the like) and/or mobile operatingsystems such as iOS, Windows® Phone, Android® OS, BlackBerry® 10 OS, andPalm® OS operating systems.

Storage subsystem 1218 may also provide a tangible computer-readablestorage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructsthat provide the functionality of some embodiments. Software (programs,code modules, instructions) that when executed by a processor providethe functionality described above may be stored in storage subsystem1218. These software modules or instructions may be executed byprocessing unit 1204. Storage subsystem 1218 may also provide arepository for storing data used in accordance with the presentinvention.

Storage subsystem 1200 may also include a computer-readable storagemedia reader 1220 that can further be connected to computer-readablestorage media 1222. Together and, optionally, in combination with systemmemory 1210, computer-readable storage media 1222 may comprehensivelyrepresent remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plusstorage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing,storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readable information.

Computer-readable storage media 1222 containing code, or portions ofcode, can also include any appropriate media known or used in the art,including storage media and communication media, such as but not limitedto, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmissionof information. This can include tangible computer-readable storagemedia such as RAM, ROM, electronically erasable programmable ROM(EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digitalversatile disk (DVD), or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices,or other tangible computer readable media. This can also includenontangible computer-readable media, such as data signals, datatransmissions, or any other medium which can be used to transmit thedesired information and which can be accessed by computing system 1200.

By way of example, computer-readable storage media 1222 may include ahard disk drive that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatilemagnetic media, a magnetic disk drive that reads from or writes to aremovable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive thatreads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as aCD ROM, DVD, and Blu-Ray® disk, or other optical media.Computer-readable storage media 1222 may include, but is not limited to,Zip® drives, flash memory cards, universal serial bus (USB) flashdrives, secure digital (SD) cards, DVD disks, digital video tape, andthe like. Computer-readable storage media 1222 may also include,solid-state drives (SSD) based on non-volatile memory such asflash-memory based SSDs, enterprise flash drives, solid state ROM, andthe like, SSDs based on volatile memory such as solid state RAM, dynamicRAM, static RAM, DRAM-based SSDs, magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) SSDs, andhybrid SSDs that use a combination of DRAM and flash memory based SSDs.The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media may providenon-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures,program modules, and other data for computer system 1200.

Communications subsystem 1224 provides an interface to other computersystems and networks. Communications subsystem 1224 serves as aninterface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systemsfrom computer system 1200. For example, communications subsystem 1224may enable computer system 1200 to connect to one or more devices viathe Internet. In some embodiments communications subsystem 1224 caninclude radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessingwireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephonetechnology, advanced data network technology, such as 3G, 4G or EDGE(enhanced data rates for global evolution), WiFi (IEEE 802.11 familystandards, or other mobile communication technologies, or anycombination thereof), global positioning system (GPS) receivercomponents, and/or other components. In some embodiments communicationssubsystem 1224 can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet)in addition to or instead of a wireless interface.

In some embodiments, communications subsystem 1224 may also receiveinput communication in the form of structured and/or unstructured datafeeds 1226, event streams 1228, event updates 1230, and the like onbehalf of one or more users who may use computer system 1200.

By way of example, communications subsystem 1224 may be configured toreceive data feeds 1226 in real-time from users of social networksand/or other communication services such as Twitter® feeds, Facebook®updates, web feeds such as Rich Site Summary (RSS) feeds, and/orreal-time updates from one or more third party information sources.

Additionally, communications subsystem 1224 may also be configured toreceive data in the form of continuous data streams, which may includeevent streams 1228 of real-time events and/or event updates 1230, thatmay be continuous or unbounded in nature with no explicit end. Examplesof applications that generate continuous data may include, for example,sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performancemeasuring tools (e.g. network monitoring and traffic managementapplications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile trafficmonitoring, and the like.

Communications subsystem 1224 may also be configured to output thestructured and/or unstructured data feeds 1226, event streams 1228,event updates 1230, and the like to one or more databases that may be incommunication with one or more streaming data source computers coupledto computer system 1200.

Computer system 1200 can be one of various types, including a handheldportable device (e.g., an iPhone® cellular phone, an iPad® computingtablet, a PDA), a wearable device (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounteddisplay), a PC, a workstation, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server rack, orany other data processing system.

Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, thedescription of computer system 1200 depicted in the figure is intendedonly as a specific example. Many other configurations having more orfewer components than the system depicted in the figure are possible.For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particularelements might be implemented in hardware, firmware, software (includingapplets), or a combination. Further, connection to other computingdevices, such as network input/output devices, may be employed. Based onthe disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skillin the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement thevarious embodiments.

In the foregoing description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details were set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of various embodiments of the present invention. It willbe apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of thepresent invention may be practiced without some of these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form.

The foregoing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and isnot intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of thedisclosure. Rather, the foregoing description of the exemplaryembodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enablingdescription for implementing an exemplary embodiment. It should beunderstood that various changes may be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Specific details are given in the foregoing description to provide athorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments maybe practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits,systems, networks, processes, and other components may have been shownas components in block diagram form in order not to obscure theembodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-knowncircuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may havebeen shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring theembodiments.

Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may have beeen describedas a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a dataflow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although aflowchart may have described the operations as a sequential process,many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. Inaddition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process isterminated when its operations are completed, but could have additionalsteps not included in a figure. A process may correspond to a method, afunction, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a processcorresponds to a function, its termination can correspond to a return ofthe function to the calling function or the main function.

The term “computer-readable medium” includes, but is not limited toportable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wirelesschannels and various other mediums capable of storing, containing, orcarrying instruction(s) and/or data. A code segment ormachine-executable instructions may represent a procedure, a function, asubprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a softwarepackage, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures,or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another codesegment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information,data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments,parameters, data, etc., may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via anysuitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing,network transmission, etc.

Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software,firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or anycombination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middlewareor microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessarytasks may be stored in a machine readable medium. A processor(s) mayperform the necessary tasks.

In the foregoing specification, aspects of the invention are describedwith reference to specific embodiments thereof, but those skilled in theart will recognize that the invention is not limited thereto. Variousfeatures and aspects of the above-described invention may be usedindividually or jointly. Further, embodiments can be utilized in anynumber of environments and applications beyond those described hereinwithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of thespecification. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to beregarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.

Additionally, for the purposes of illustration, methods were describedin a particular order. It should be appreciated that in alternateembodiments, the methods may be performed in a different order than thatdescribed. It should also be appreciated that the methods describedabove may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied insequences of machine-executable instructions, which may be used to causea machine, such as a general-purpose or special-purpose processor orlogic circuits programmed with the instructions to perform the methods.These machine-executable instructions may be stored on one or moremachine readable mediums, such as CD-ROMs or other type of opticaldisks, floppy diskettes, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic oroptical cards, flash memory, or other types of machine-readable mediumssuitable for storing electronic instructions. Alternatively, the methodsmay be performed by a combination of hardware and software.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of managing runtime states and serviceconfigurations for containers in a multi-tenant environment, the methodcomprising: receiving a first request for a first service provided by afirst tenant; selecting a container in the multi-tenant environment;loading a first configuration that implements the first service into thecontainer; loading a runtime state into the container; wherein theruntime state comprises a state of the first service when the firstservice previously serviced a previous request in a different container;and servicing the first request from the container using the runtimestate.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining thatthe first service has finished servicing the first request; flushing thefirst configuration from the container; and causing the runtime state tobe stored in a data store outside of the container for a subsequentexecution of the first service.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein theconfiguration is provided by a tenant of the multi-tenant environmentprior to runtime.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the data storecomprises a key-value data store.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein thekey-value data store comprises a distributed key-value data store. 6.The method of claim 4, wherein an identity of a tenant associated withthe service comprises a key in the key-value data store, and wherein theconfiguration and runtime state comprise a value in the key-value datastore.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the data store also stores aregistry of containers that are available in the multi-tenantenvironment.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the data store updatesone or more routers in the multi-tenant environment when new containersbecome available in the multi-tenant environment based on the registryof containers.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving asecond request for the first service after the first configuration isflushed from the container; loading the first configuration to a secondcontainer in the multi-tenant environment to service the second request;loading the runtime state into the second container.
 10. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions that,when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or moreprocessors to perform operations comprising: receiving a first requestfor a first service provided by a first tenant; selecting a container ina multi-tenant environment; loading a first configuration thatimplements the first service into the container; loading a runtime stateinto the container; wherein the runtime state comprises a state of thefirst service when the first service previously serviced a previousrequest in a different container; and servicing the first request fromthe container using the runtime state.
 11. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the operations furthercomprise: assigning a plurality of containers to a first tenant in themulti-tenant environment; identifying one or more containers in theplurality of containers that are assigned to the first tenant but thatare not being used by the first tenant; flushing contents of the one ormore containers; and reassigning the one or more containers to a secondtenant in the multi-tenant environment.
 12. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein after flushing thecontents of the one or more containers, the one or more containers arenot assigned to any tenant for a first time interval before beingreassigned to the second tenant.
 13. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the operations furthercomprise: identifying second one or more containers in the plurality ofcontainers that are assigned to the first tenant but that are not beingused by the first tenant; determining that no other tenants need thesecond one or more containers; and removing the second one or morecontainers from the multi-tenant environment.
 14. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the operations furthercomprise: determining that the first tenant is receiving more requeststhan can be serviced by the plurality of containers.
 15. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14, wherein theoperations further comprise: instantiating a new plurality ofcontainers; and assigning the new plurality of containers to the firsttenant.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,wherein the operations further comprise: assigning containers that werepreviously assigned to another tenant to the first tenant.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein a gatewayof the multi-tenant environment reassigns the one or more containers tothe second tenant in the multi-tenant environment.
 18. A systemcomprising: one or more processors; and one or more memory devicescomprising instructions that, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform operationscomprising: receiving a first request for a first service provided by afirst tenant; selecting a container in a multi-tenant environment;loading a first configuration that implements the first service into thecontainer; loading a runtime state into the container; wherein theruntime state comprises a state of the first service when the firstservice previously serviced a previous request in a different container;and servicing the first request from the container using the runtimestate.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the container is one of aplurality of containers in the multi-tenant environment that areinstantiated to service requests from client devices.
 20. The system ofclaim 18, wherein the first configuration comprises a size of a heap inmemory that can be used by the first service.